핵심요약

• XJTLU는 러시아 정부 기관과 제재된 중국 슈퍼컴퓨터 센터, 미국 제재 대상 중국 반도체 연구소와 협력하고 있습니다.
• 이 대학은 자체 반도체 설계 및 제조를 목표로 하고 있습니다.
• 협력은 군사 및 민간용 기술에 중점을 두고 있습니다.
• 2024년 11월 중러 인문 협력 개발 센터를 런치했습니다.

도입

이 기사는 영국 대학의 중러 협력 센터가 제재 대상 기관들과의 협력을 통해 기술 경쟁력 강화에 주력하고 있다는 점을 보여줍니다. 이는 투자자에게 중러 협력 기술 분야의 리스크와 기회를 동시에 제공합니다. 특히 반도체 분야에서의 협력은 글로벌 기술 경쟁의 한 축을 이루고 있습니다.

본문 1: 중러 협력 센터의 전략적 의미

XJTLU는 중러 협력 센터를 통해 러시아 정부 기관과 협력하고 있습니다. 이 센터의 러시아 공동 디렉터는 제재 대상 러시아 정부 기관과 연관되어 있습니다. 이는 중러 협력이 기술 분야에서도 강화되고 있음을 보여줍니다. 특히 반도체 분야에서의 협력은 군사적 용도뿐만 아니라 민간용 기술에도 적용될 수 있어, 글로벌 기술 경쟁에서 중요한 역할을 할 수 있습니다. 투자자에게는 중러 협력이 기술 혁신에 미칠 영향에 주목할 필요가 있습니다.

본문 2: 제재 대상 기관과의 협력의 리스크

XJTLU는 미국 제재 대상 중국 슈퍼컴퓨터 센터와 협력하고 있습니다. 이 센터는 2021년 미국 연방 엔티티 리스트에 등재되었습니다. 이는 중국의 군사 현대화 노력과 연관되어 있습니다. 또한, XJTLU는 미국 제재 대상 중국 반도체 연구소와 함께 칩스 학교를 설립했습니다. 이러한 협력은 글로벌 제재 체계와의 충돌 가능성을 높이며, 투자자에게는 리스크 관리가 중요합니다. 특히 반도체 분야에서의 협력은 글로벌 공급망에 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다.

본문 3: 반도체 분야의 장기 전망

XJTLU는 자체 반도체 설계 및 제조를 목표로 하고 있습니다. 이는 중국의 반도체 자립화 노력의 일환입니다. 그러나 제재 대상 기관과의 협력은 기술 발전뿐만 아니라 정치적 리스크도 동반합니다. 투자자에게는 중국의 반도체 산업이 글로벌 표준과 어떻게 조화될지, 또는 충돌할지 관측할 필요가 있습니다. 특히 반도체 분야에서의 기술 혁신은 글로벌 시장 동향을 예측하는 데 중요한 지표가 될 것입니다.

결론

XJTLU의 중러 협력 센터와 제재 대상 기관과의 협력은 기술 경쟁력 강화와 동시에 정치적 리스크를 동반합니다. 투자자에게는 중러 협력이 기술 혁신에 미칠 영향과 글로벌 제재 체계와의 충돌 가능성에 주목할 필요가 있습니다. 향후 중국의 반도체 산업이 글로벌 표준과 어떻게 조화될지 관측하는 것이 중요합니다.

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원문 링크: https://news.google.com/rss/articles/CBMipgFBVV95cUxPSF9tR0xUTkRIREp4MFpxZ3Z6dmFEMjRDTldlLUduVTlJUVV5Nm9XNG5FT1BWdXBGbUVaRUNCelNiQjVYRm1HTDVtZTFpWGU4X2FQRGdSUFhRVTVURzRZR0FDVGpZeThmam9jekFzYzVfdzhqaHVGTFROTndpbDFiMHp1eHBLNDFBTEZHUWhBZ1NSdGU3Qjdnb2ZLN2M4cnJQNm4zc2dn?oc=5

A British university’s technology entanglements with Russia and China - The Strategist | ASPI's analysis and commentary site

Photo: A Russian delegation attended the launch of Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University’s Centre for China-Russia Humanitarian Cooperation and Development in November 2024 in Suzhou, China. Chinese co-director Chao Qiuling is fifth from the right; Russian co-director Artem Semenov and sanctioned former Russian senator Olga Zabralova stand on either side of her.

A major British research university’s joint venture campus in China maintains partnerships and close links with entities sanctioned by Britain, the US, EU and others for supporting Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and assisting China’s military modernisation and human rights violations, ASPI research has found.

The previously unreported links to sanctions highlight the risks posed by foreign science, technology and academic partnerships in China in a period of heightened geopolitical rivalry, intensifying technological competition and deepening China-Russia cooperation. The joint venture campus’s partnerships cover a range of areas but centre on critical technologies, many with both military and civilian applications.

These partnerships include a new China-Russia cooperation centre whose Russian co-director is affiliated with a sanctioned Russian government agency; a formal new initiative with a leading Chinese government supercomputing centre that was placed on the US federal entity list in 2021 for involvement in China’s military modernisation efforts; and a chips school co-founded by a US-sanctioned Chinese government semiconductor research institute. Top staff in China have said the joint campus aims to design and manufacture its own semiconductors.

The joint venture campus, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), was established in 2006 by the University of Liverpool and its partner institution, Xi’an Jiaotong University , a leading Chinese defence university that has supplied the Rocket Force of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and is supervised by China’s defence-industry ministry. Located in Suzhou, a city in Jiangsu province, XJTLU is the largest foreign joint venture university in China and one of many such joint campuses and institutes that have been formed in China with US, European, British, Australian and other foreign partners in recent decades. XJTLU undergraduates typically receive two degrees simultaneously, one from XJTLU and one from the University of Liverpool. XJTLU says on its website, ‘all XJTLU programmes are accredited and moderated by the University of Liverpool.’

The University of Liverpool is one of Britain’s top research universities. It is a member of the country’s prestigious Russell Group of research-intensive universities and receives defence, security and intelligence funding from Western governments. In September 2024, for example, the defence ministers of the US, Britain and Australia announced in an official AUKUS communique that the University of Liverpool was an inaugural winner of the AUKUS Electronic Warfare Innovation Prize Challenge.

XJTLU’s new Centre for China-Russia Humanitarian Cooperation and Development was launched in November 2024. Its stated purpose includes helping Chinese companies enter the Russian market and promoting research ties between China and Russia, as well as academic and cultural exchange. Its Chinese co-director also directs the campus’s technology transfer centre, underscoring a risk that technological advancements supported by Britain could end up in Russia.

XJTLU also invited to the centre’s opening ceremony a Russian government delegation led by a former Russian senator sanctioned by Britain, the EU, the US, Australia and other countries for providing political and economic support for Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

XJTLU was founded in an era of warmer ties between China and Western countries and before China and Russia formed their ‘ no limits ’ strategic partnership. It was also a time when few governments were aware of how strategically important certain critical and emerging technologies would become to their societies, economies and national security.

Beijing and Moscow have further deepened bilateral ties since Vladimir Putin’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022. China has provided political support and a crucial economic lifeline to Russia since heavy Western sanctions cut off Russia’s access to foreign markets and prompted an exodus of foreign direct investment. China has provided dual-use technologies to Russia’s military and is also accused of supplying weapons for its war effort.

In a written response to questions from ASPI, a University of Liverpool spokesperson said, ‘The University of Liverpool has no involvement in XJTLU’s Centre for China-Russia Humanitarian Cooperation and Development, nor with the companies mentioned in your email.’ (These were companies discussed later in this article.)

‘All research and research supervision undertaken jointly between the University and XJTLU is subject to our rigorous due diligence policies,’ the spokesperson said. ‘We have processes to ensure compliance with the UK Export Control and National Security & Investment Act legislation, which were expressly set up to safeguard UK research in a range of fields, and we engage whenever necessary with the government’s Research Collaboration Advice Team.’

The spokesperson also said that XTJLU was an ‘independent Chinese legal entity’ that operated ‘within the confines of Chinese law.’ The spokesperson added, ‘all research and research supervision undertaken jointly between the University and XJTLU is subject to our rigorous due diligence policies.’

The current vice-chancellor of the University of Liverpool, like his predecessor , sits on XJTLU’s board and is its deputy chair . Other senior staff from the University of Liverpool also serve as XJTLU board members. Board meeting locations rotate. Recent locations were the campuses of the University of Liverpool and Xi’an Jiaotong University .

XJTLU has become a research powerhouse, with around 25,000 students and 1,000 academic staff members. It houses several provincial and municipal key research institutes, including a national supercomputing centre, a robotics research institute, and an advanced semiconductor research institute that partners with smart-city company China Huaxin.

In 2024, XJTLU received funding from the PLA’s National University of Defense Technology for a research project called ‘Deep Learning-based Adversarial Sample Defense Technology for Communication Signal Modulation Recognition’. In 2025, an XJTLU research team set a new global record in an international competition in quantum-resistant cryptography. Researchers from the University of Liverpool also collaborate with XJTLU researchers on topics such as radar and autonomous driving .

But this emphasis on cutting-edge research means XJTLU is now operating in a highly contested space, as a new era of strategic technological competition between China and Western countries emerges. XJTLU partners with numerous groups that have been added to the US Commerce Department’s federal entity list, which imposes trade restrictions but does not limit access to the international financial system. Some were placed on the list after their relationships with XJLTU began, while some were already on the list when XJTLU signed agreements with them.

In April 2025, XJTLU launched a research partnership with the National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi, one of seven Chinese supercomputing groups added to the US federal entity list in 2021 due to their involvement in China’s military modernisation efforts.

XJTLU’s School of CHIPS, which focuses on research and development for advanced computing chips, was co-founded in 2019 by a Chinese government research institute, the Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, that was placed on the US federal entity list in 2024 for acting against US national security and foreign policy interests. The dean of the XJTLU School of CHIPS, Wei Chen, said in 2024 his goal was for XJTLU to design and manufacture its own semiconductors.

The School of CHIPS is also engaging with the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Microelectronics about potential research and design projects. That institute was put on the US entity list in 2024 for ‘its support of China’s “advanced-node ICs” [integrated circuits] and contributions to military modernisation, including development or production of “advanced-node ICs” for military end use and collaboration with parties on the Entity List.’

The School of CHIPS is one of six industry-focused schools housed at XJTLU’s ‘Entrepreneur College (Taicang)’, which was established in 2018 with a focus on ‘industry-oriented research’ and technology transfer in fields including AI, supercomputers, big data, robotics, intelligent manufacturing and internet of things. The Taicang city government provided substantial support for its formation. A range of domestic and foreign companies—including Amazon, German companies Siemens and TUV Nord, and large Silicon Valley based tech incubator Plug and Play —also signed memorandums of understanding with XJTLU’s Entrepreneur College at its launch.

Sugon, a Chinese supercomputer manufacturer that co-established XJTLU’s School of AI and Advanced Computing in 2018, was added to the US federal entity list in 2019 due to the ‘publicly acknowledged’ military end uses of its high-performance computers.

XJTLU also hosts a joint lab with iFlytek, a Chinese technology company added to the US federal entity list in 2019 for its role in the Chinese government’s high-tech surveillance regime targeting Muslim minorities in China’s Xinjiang region.

The University of Liverpool website, which has a dedicated page for the XJTLU partnership and related news, does not mention the China-Russia centre, XJTLU’s joint lab with iFlytek, XJTLU’s new partnership with the supercomputing centre in Wuxi, or the school’s aspirations to make its own semiconductors in China.

British universities are not legally required to vet their partnerships for compliance with US sanctions lists. But many do, including the University of Cambridge , because they wish to preserve access to US research, funding relationships and technology partnerships. US government-funded research and partnerships with American universities may come with conditions that restrict collaboration with sanctioned entities or individuals.

Britain itself has a range of sanctions targeting Russia, including some that prohibit the provision of professional and business services ‘to a person connected with Russia’ and which apply to ‘any UK persons anywhere.’ The British government also placed research and innovation sanctions on Russia in 2022. This included pausing British public funds being spent on projects ‘with a Russian dimension’ and ceasing collaborative projects with Russia. At that time the British government also commissioned an assessment to ‘isolate and freeze activities which benefit the Russian regime’.

In addition to its success in winning an inaugural AUKUS electronic-warfare innovation prize , the University of Liverpool has active grants from the European Commission and US government, including grants from the US Air Force and FBI .

Overall, ASPI’s research into XJTLU exposes a set of problematic UK-China-Russia linkages that span sectors including defence, critical technologies, science-and-technology transfer, commercialisation and industry. Much of the activity outlined in this ASPI research appears to be at odds with the British government’s own defence, foreign policy and national security positions and policies spanning its relationships with the US and EU and strong support for Ukraine. It is also inconsistent with Britain’s broader security partnerships, including AUKUS.

This research shows that Britain and other democratic countries need clearer sets of rules and policies around foreign joint venture universities and research institutes in China. This should include policies on dual-use technologies and guidance on which sanctions and which trade and technology restriction lists may be relevant to universities and research institutes. To inform new policies, governments should work collaboratively with their university sectors and other stakeholders to conduct an assessment of joint venture universities and research institutes in China. Governments should use such assessments to deepen their understanding of the resulting science and technology developments, covering areas such as partnerships (including those with Russia), patents and commercialisation efforts.

The XJTLU China-Russia centre’s Russian co-director, Artem Semenov, is an adviser to the Moscow regional government and a member of the public advisory council of Rossotrudnichestvo, a humanitarian and cultural agency under the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The EU sanctioned Rossotrudnichestvo in 2022, describing it as ‘the main state agency projecting the Kremlin’s soft power and hybrid influence,’ adding that it acted as an ‘umbrella organization for a network of Russian compatriots and agents of influence, and it funds various public diplomacy and propaganda projects, consolidating the activities of pro-Russian players and disseminating the Kremlin’s narratives.’

Source: https://news.google.com/rss/articles/CBMipgFBVV95cUxPSF9tR0xUTkRIREp4MFpxZ3Z6dmFEMjRDTldlLUduVTlJUVV5Nm9XNG5FT1BWdXBGbUVaRUNCelNiQjVYRm1HTDVtZTFpWGU4X2FQRGdSUFhRVTVURzRZR0FDVGpZeThmam9jekFzYzVfdzhqaHVGTFROTndpbDFiMHp1eHBLNDFBTEZHUWhBZ1NSdGU3Qjdnb2ZLN2M4cnJQNm4zc2dn?oc=5